School Driver Essay Example for Free

School Driver Essay My aunt, a school driver, she has a problem of picking the student up to school. She lives in Belvedere Garden, and picks student to the school in Shek Lei Estate (the map is on the last page). In order to save the cost by shorten the distance to the school, she asked me to solve the problem for her. By the virtue of keen competition, she couldnt charge for the high fees from the students. Besides, the fuel is very costly and variable. Thus, her income becomes unstable. She tries to solve it by picks up more students from different places, but the routes will be more complex and the time does not allow her to do so. She has to pick 50 students up from 12 places, there are 10 seats left and therefore she can only save the cost by pick more students up from these 12 places but not the other places. I also found her driving routes have a great problem, she didnt choose the fastest way. So I will choose the fastest routes for her. She has to drive 4 times per school day 1. From BG to SLE (through all places in shortest routes) 2. From SLE to BG (fastest routes to back home) 3. From BG to SLE (fastest routes to back to school) 4. From SLE to BG (through all the places in shortest routes). I have asked her where the 12 places were, how much profits she earns totally per month and how much the costs are. Here is the information: The name of the twelve place: Belevedere Garden Phase 3 (BG) Tsuen King Garden (TKG) Clague Garden Estate (CGE) Discovery Park (DP) Water Side Plaza (WSP) Luk Leung Sun Chuen (LYSC) Pa Tin Pa Tsuen (PTPT) Kwai Yin Court (KYC) Lei Muk Chuen Estate (LMSE) Shek Yam Estate (SYE) Shek Yam East Estate (SYEE) Shek Lei Estate (SLE) The distances between the places: Second drive: After sending the students to the school, my aunt will then go back home (From SLE to BG). Her original route is showed below: BGi DPi KYCi SLE 5km Third drive: She has to pick up the students again after the school (From BG to SLE). Her original route is showed below: Â  BG 13. 09km The total distance of the whole drive is 12. 6 + 5 + 5 + 13. 09=35. 69km There are 22 school days average per month, which means the total distance of one month is 35. 69 x 22 = 785km. In HK, the cost of the fees are 15p per km average, thus her original cost per month is 785 x 15p = i 118 and her income is i 810. So her actual income decreases to i 810 i 118 = i 692 Now I am going to find out the shortest routes of four drives. For the first drive and the last drive, I solve the problem by showing all possible ways as she has to go through all 12 places. The second and the third drive, I do only find the shortest routes and therefore I will use the Dijkstras algorithm. There are 52 way in the first drive and 66 ways in the fourth drive. Possible ways for first drive: BGi TKGi PTPTi Therefore, the new total distance per month is (12. 12 + 4. 93 + 4. 93 + 12. 6) x 22 = 761km The new cost is 761 x 15p = i 114 So her actual income increases to i 810 i 114 = i 696 If my aunt is willing to use this my methods, she could save i 4 a month (i 696 i 692 = i 4) Evaluation As a result, I saved i 4 for my aunt. In England, people may think that i 4 is just a little amount of money. However, i 4 in Hong Kong and China you can help many poor. They may get warm and full by buying food, clean water and clothes. I suggested my aunt that she could save more by delete the second and the third drives. It saves almost i 33 more (4. 93 x 2 x 22 x 15p ). It would spend her leisure at home during the resting time but save her more money. She could also earn more by picking more students from those 12 places. The cost cannot save so much because the routes in Hong Kong are not very long but complex, Hong Kong is just a point in the map only. In addition, she picks students up from 2 districts only and therefore the roads are shorter. The time is a problem as well, she is not allowed to pick more students. Otherwise, all of the students will be late for school and their parents will complain her. In the first drive and fourth drive, I have found out the shortest routes by showing all possible. Actually, its very difficult to find out and its take me a long time. When I was doing it, I needed to check many times whether I had showed all the possible or not. Besides, its easy to make mistakes when I was calculating the distance of the possible routes. In the second and the third drive, I used Djkstras algorithm to find out the shortest easily. It is very convenience and hard to make a mistake. This is the best method for me which I have learned. I impacted my aunt as well and she found it is useful.

Blake :: essays research papers

In Blake's "London" the speaker connects various characters and socio/political institutions in order to critique the injustices perpetrated in England. The busy, commercial city of London functions as a space in which the speaker can imagine the inescapable interconnections of English institution and citizens. Although separated by differences of class and gender, the citizens of London brush up against each other so that the misery of the poor and dispossessed is a direct indictment of the callousness of the rich and powerful, f the institutions of state and religion. The speaker of the poem emphasizes the social and economic differences that separate the citizens of London. By repeating the word "charter'd", he reminds the reader of the commercial nature of the city, the fact that portions of it are owned, and that not everyone has equal access to goods or property. In the first line of his poem as Blake speaks of how he is wandering through the "charter'd" streets, he is commenting on this commercial aspect of London. As he moves on in his poem he also refers to the "charter'd" Thames, he is telling us in this second line that even a river which is a force of nature, is owned in London. When Blake says that he sees "marks of weakness, marks of woe" in "every face" he meets, he means that he can see how this commercialism is affecting everyone rich and poor. Yet, despite the divisions that the word charter'd suggests, the speaker contends that no one in London, neither rich or poor, escapes a pervasive sense of misery and entrapment. The speaker talks of how in "every cry of every man" he hears the misery. Blake is once again reminding us that this is affecting everyone. As he goes on to comment on he can hear it in "every infants cry of fear", he is saying that even the babies know what is going to happen to them when they grow up and they fear the misery that they will soon face. In the next line of the poem Blake chooses to use a very interesting word. When he writes "in every ban" he leaves the line open to many different interpretations. The word ban can mean a political prohibition, a curse, or an announcement of marriage. The political meaning is an obvious one in this poem, Blake obviously does not like the politics of London and he fells that the commercialism is preventing the people from being happy.

Internet censorship Essay

INTERNET CENSORSHIP Internet censorship is subjected to governmental control to keep programmes inoffensive to the public. It controls the ideas and information in a society. The question is if government should be allowed full authority on the internet. Is it completely fine to allow the government to decide the information we access and does this infringe on the rights of freedom and speech? First of all, there are the people who side with internet censorship. There is certain vulgar and offensive material put on the internet which can cause divisions between the society and offend some of the people. For example, videos and articles against a religion or culture can cause problems between citizens within a nation and so such information has to be censored. Censoring material that insults a religion helps protect society from disputes and thus doesn’t qualify to be called stealing someone’s rights. Moreover, censorship is important to keep children from corrupting their minds. Inappropri ate videos and images put on the internet can be seen by the youth which is why this material should be removed by censoring. This act by the government ensures children don’t get to see vulgar material which can destroy their innocence. So, in a sense, government helps to protect children and in this case freedom of such information cannot count as it is too mature for children. Furthermore, some people argue that internet censorship is necessary to preserve national security. Without censorship, it is impossible to maintain secrecy of information and protect it from enemies that can use it against the nation. Adding on, other forms of illegal material being communicated are stopped by censorship. Illegal downloading of copyrighted content is a crime and internet censorship helps the government to catch criminals that indulge themselves in this act. As well, e-mail containing dangerous information like bomb plans have no right to be spread around the internet and so discarding them is the right thing to do. This shows that the government does not violate rights of freedom of speech by actually prote cting its public from threatening information. However, others think that internet censorship is a violation to rights of freedom of speech. It limits free access to information which causes the society to foster ignorance in its citizens. Through this ignorance, people would not have knowledge and awareness on issues that take place around their environment. this is not  fair as everyone should have the right to full access to information on the internet. Additionally, there is the history of censorship abuse. The government can remove certain material that gives a bad image of it to the public meaning people have no freedom to criticize the government or voice their opinions. In this corrupt information can also be spread around the internet by the government and this gives wrong information to the public. In China, for example, videos and articles on human rights violation are blocked by the government from the eyes of the world. If people cannot freely express their opinions on such critical subjects, then there is no use of the internet as it limits freedom of speech. Furthermore, some governments put strict rules on internet usage like blocking social sites from the network. These include facebook and twitter. For instance, in China, facebook is banned and this affects the citizens and people owning facebook. Facebook loses more users from China. Also this limits communication and thus transfer of information is narrowed to usage of phones and letters. People will also find it difficu lt to interact with people outside the nation. This is a serious act against freedom of speech and shows government uses censorship to restrict passing on of information which signifies they have something to hide. In conclusion, government should censor material to the extent where it becomes a threat for the community. Otherwise censorship of material that contains ‘offensive’ vocabulary like breast cancer is limiting freedom of speech as it is accessed by people for knowledge and it is not going to harm anyone. Besides, for child protection, there is already software that is available to block offensive sites. This shows that government has no right to censor the internet by removing material that can actually be helpful to the people. The government misuse its control over the internet to limit people’s ideas and thought capacities which violates freedom of speech and information.

Dostoevsky s Crime And Punishment - 1483 Words

Works in Translation: The Manifestation of Deadly Sin and its Physical Damages in Crime and Punishment Christianity defines deadly sins as those which, when unrepented, cause the eternal damnation of the soul. This idea is a truth to any devout Christian, including Fyodor Dostoevsky. Additionally, in his novel Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky argues that mortal sins condemn not only the soul, but also the physical body. He uses the mortal sins of pride, lust, and sloth in Katerina, Svidrigailov, and Sonia, respectively, to inform his audience of the physical nature of deadly sin. In Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky uses minor characters as manifestations of deadly sin to show that sinners forsake their own lives and that religion is an†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, at her deathbed, Raskolnikov wonders â€Å"And how did the ‘certificate of merit’ come to be on the bed beside Katerina Ivanovna† (431). Dostoevsky confirms that Katerina embodies pride and that pride is the cause of her death by having the source of her sin laid down next to her. This place ment of her pride symbolizes that her sin haunts her even to her deathbed. Moreover, Dostoevsky implies that as Katerina carries her pride with her everywhere, the â€Å"certificate of merit† will follow as well. Yet, Dostoevsky reveals that it is sin coupled with rejection of God that leads to damnation of the physical body. Specifically, Dostoevsky creates Katerina as to have so much pride that she sees herself above even God. As she is dying, Katerina says â€Å"God must forgive me† and â€Å"if He won’t forgive me, I don’t care!† (430). Katerina is so prideful that she believes God owes her, saying â€Å"must forgive me†. Moreover, Dostoevsky characterizes her further as a pagan by emphasizing â€Å"I don’t care!† with the exclamation mark. Ultimately, Dostoevsky uses Katerina’s disregard for God coupled with her sin to show how sinners forsake their own lives. Svidrigailov, as the manifestation of lust, is the greatest example of sinners causing their own death. Dostoevsky reveals that Svidrigailov is the manifestation of lust early on whenShow MoreRelatedDostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1349 Words   |  6 PagesFyodor Dostoevsky wrote â€Å"Crime and Punishment† in 1866, during a time of Russian history where there was a convergence of several different, and oftentimes contradictory, political, philosophical, and economic ideologies. Not only was this a period of many conflicting sentiments, it was also a time of great change, with the Russian government implementing several reforms that changed the course of the country forever. One such reform was the freeing of the serfs under Alexander the II, Tsar of RussiaRead MoreDostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1676 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the novel, Crime and Punishment, the prime focus is the continuous struggle between good and evil. Characters like Raskolnikov, Marmeladov, So nya, and Svidrigailov would be considered horrible people upon first glance, but when you dig deeper they each possess goodness despite their wrongdoings. However, Each character possess different levels of morality, some more than others. Dostoevsky exposes these different levels between characters like Sonya and Svidrigailov. The novel starts ofRead MoreDostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1516 Words   |  7 Pages Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment contains an abundance of confusing scenes that are frequently left up to the interpretation of the reader. Many of these scenes are focused on Raskolnikov and the fact that he often blurs together his conscious and subconscious states. Therefore, the reader is left to contemplate the validity of certain situations. When reading a novel as hefty as Crime and Punishment it is important to pick apart some of the many subtleties in order to gain more insight to bothRead MoreAnalysis Of Fyodor Dostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1368 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Seconds rule. The reforms impacted not only the culture of the time, but also the writing of many authors. Fyodor Dostoevsky was one of those authors. His book Crime and Punishment describes how life was like in the lower classes. The culture of Russia during the years 1855 to 1881 was shaped by its tsarist autocracy while the literature of Fyodor Dostoevsky evinces its cultural connection. Alex II established type of government was a monarchy. In a monarchy, which is headed by a tsarRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth And Fyodor Dostoevsky s Crime And Punishment1902 Words   |  8 Pagesable to overcome these outcomes from their decisions? 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Suffering, guilt and societal alienation prompt Raskolnikov to reject his Ubermensch theory and ultimatelyRead More Prison Reform in Russia and Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky1094 Words   |  5 Pages The novel Crime and Punishment occurs in the summer of 1865; a time when radical legal and social changes swept through Russia. The reforms of 1860’s and 1870’s were known as the Great Reforms because they affected every aspect of Russian life. With â€Å"an 1861 decree emancipating the serfs and [a] monumental reform of the court system in 1864,† the Russian society was still transitioning from an Estate-of-the-realm style toward a more just system focused on equality (Burnham 1227). TheRead MoreExposing Nihilism in Crime an d Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1706 Words   |  7 Pages A paragon of realist literature, Fyodor Dostoevsky deftly exposes nihilism in his novel, Crime and Punishment, published in 1866. Its protagonist, Rodion Raskolnikov, is intelligent yet bitter and unfeeling, having denounced his morality and bonds with society. He embodies the qualities of nihilism, the desertion of all emotional and ethical concerns. This philosophical doctrine is historically ubiquitous, particularly with the Nihilist Movement, one of Imperial Russia’s Great Reforms, and the growingRead MoreCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1025 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; is a philosophical crime fiction novel. The story is very powerful in that it goes beyond the book and into the lives of the audience; making the audience feel some type of relation between themselves and the story. Dostoevsky was brilliant in creating a fictional world where the characters seem to be found within the audience, transitioning from a fictional story to a self-help book. He employes many life lessons in the story, whichRead MoreLife Is Like A Beach And Its Sand1314 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout history and will continue to do so until our race is extinct. The passages above show two translations of the same verse.They are from the story of Cain and Abel. Speaking to Cain after he has murdered his brother, God explains Cain’s punishment. In the American Standard Version, God commands Cain to rule over sin, while in the King James Version, God promises Cain that he will surely triumph over sin. These are two very different quotes from the same verse. To look further into this, one

The Federal Government Of The United States Congress

The United States Congress, comprised of the House of Representatives and the Senate, composes the Legislative Branch of the federal government of the United States. Congress is supposed to be extremely effective at enacting legislation dealing with major national issues, both at the domestic level and the foreign level. However, in recent years, members of Congress with differing views have not been able to find middle ground and enact much-needed legislation, although they often did in the past. This inaction, or congressional gridlock, has existed for a while but has become an extremely prevalent issue in recent years. In fact, according to a paper by Sarah Binder, a researcher at the Brookings Institution, the frequency of legislative†¦show more content†¦In order for legislation to be enacted, it must pass both the House and the Senate. This means that it is much more complicated to pass laws in bicameral bodies than unicameral bodies (Lenz and Holman). Additionally, co nstitutional rules, such as needing a supermajority rather than a simple majority, can cause gridlock (Smith). If Congress only needed a simple majority, as in only needing fifty-one percent of votes to be in favor of the bill, rather than a two-thirds supermajority, then Congress would be able to enact a much larger amount of legislation. In 2016, there was a prime example of congressional gridlock. Senate Democrats blocked a bill that was intended to fight the Zika virus, an infection that can cause birth defects in pregnant women, multiple times. According to the New York Times, the reason they blocked the bill was because they wanted Republicans to â€Å"drop an effort to block Planned Parenthood from receiving money to combat the mosquito-borne disease† (Huetteman and Tavernise). Historically, Republicans have typically gone against Planned Parenthood, a reproductive health care provider, while Democrats have routinely supported the organization. Since the organization would not receive money to combat the disease, which although typically transmitted via mosquito bite can also be transmitted through sexual activity, Democrats simply refused to pass the bill. TheShow MoreRelatedCriminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesCountry Tribal nations enjoy a unique legal position in the United States attributable to their sovereign status with built in powers of self-government. They also enjoy a special relationship with the federal government. In turn, this status and relationship has consequences for tribes and their members; for the states and their citizens; and the federal government. This paper will explore the significance of tribal sovereignty, the tribal-federal trust relationship, and their impact on criminal jurisdictionRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States756 Words   |  4 Pagesthe U.S. Constitution: The federal system of government of the United States is based on its constitution. The Constitution grants all authority to the federal government except the power that is delegated to the states. Each state in the United States has its own constitution, local government, statute, and courts. The Constitution of the United States sets the judiciary of the federal government and defines the extent of the federal court’s power. The federal court has exclusive jurisdictionRead MoreThe Relationship Between State Governments And The Federal Government1521 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween state governments and the federal government is a difficult balance that is necessary to form a strong union. It is extremely difficult to find a balance between the powers that the states have to govern themselves, while maintaining a strong federal government. Federalism is a political system in which the national and regional governments share powers and responsibilities. The two work inde pendently, under the guidelines of the Constitution. Federalism is the best form of government forRead MoreGovernment Power and Authorities1111 Words   |  5 Pages#1. (Chapter 2) Define Federalism and Separation of Powers, Identify the Major Sources of State and Federal authorities explicit to the Constitution, and explain why the division of powers architecture was important to the Framers. Federalism is the division of Governmental powers and authorities between the State and Federal Governments. Separation of Powers is not actually labeled or defined within the constitution. However, the Framers of the constitution found â€Å"to avoid tyranny, a separationRead MoreDemocracy Vs American Democracy973 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone is born equal. People not only have power in democracy but also have a responsibility to the society. In addition, democracy relates with Constitutions and election. There are a lot of democracy societies except the United States. As a democratic country, the United States and Canada have similar political and rules, but still have differences. Thomas Paine, who was an English-born American political activist, considered that human beings have two rights which are in-born rights and civilRead MoreThe United States Federal Government1346 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States federal government is composed of three institutions, the Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court. Based on the Constitution of the United States, the federal system, and the separation of power, the three branches exist and each represents the three institutions, the legislative branch is vested by the Congress, the judicial branch is vested by the Supreme Court, and the executive branch is vested by the President. The three distinct branches are respectively independentRead MoreThe Federal Reserve : The Central Bank Of The United States1526 Words   |  7 Pages The Federal Reserve Introduction The Federal Reserve, also known as the Fed is the central bank of the United States. The system was created on December 1913 during the reign of President Woodrow Wilson. It was during this time that President Woodrow signed the Federal Reserve Act, incorporating it into the law. The Congress was behind the creation of the Federal Reserve with the ultimate goal of making it safer and more reliable to keep the money. The Congress was also compelled to establishingRead MoreFederal Government And The United States1498 Words   |  6 Pages Federal Government The United States of America government is called the federal government and is the republic of the fifty states which constitute the United States. It also constitutes the capital districts and several other territories. Now the government is made up of three different branches and they are the Executive, Legislature, and the Judicial. Those powers are all vested by the US constitution which is in the congress, the president, and also the federal court that also includesRead MoreThe Supremacy Clause : Conflict Between Federal And State Law1656 Words   |  7 PagesChristina Wood The Supremacy Clause: Conflict between Federal and State Law as it relates to Medical Marijuana The American Constitution provides for a division of government powers between the federal and state governments, as well as provides solutions in an event of conflict between these two governments. The Supremacy Clause is derived through Constitutional Law and determines that the Constitution, Federal statutes, and United States treaties contain the â€Å"supreme law of the land†, creatingRead MoreParagraph 8 Of Constitution And Its Effect On The Economy1548 Words   |  7 Pagespower of congress. Though the clause 1, the first power given to congress by the Constitution is the power to tax, and Congress also has the power to levy tariffs but it’s not allowed to charge more for imports into one state than into another. Then congress control the nation’s Finance and it’s make it has enough power to effect the politic. In the clause 2, congress are able to borrow money on the credit of the United State. It’s does offer any politic power to use , but its help the congress expansion

The Beach Essay - 781 Words

Descriptive Essay- Beach, Vacation The place where I feel most comfortable is a place where I am calm. A place that is peaceful in its own ways. It is the place to go to get away from all my troubles. It is the one place where I could sit forever, and never get tired of just staring into the deepest blue I have ever seen. It is the place where I can sit and think the best. A place where nothing matters but what is in that little moment. The one place capable of sending my senses into an overload. This place is the ocean. Just as I sit down on the sand my mind starts to unwind. The many spectacular sights jump at my eyes. As far as I can see there is turquoise water in front of me. Surfers wearing their bright colored suits grab their†¦show more content†¦.... descriptive essay .... I stop, sometimes to smell the salty sea air, but mostly to wait for my parents who plod along behind carrying chairs, coolers, and other beach paraphernalia. .... 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The drift of sand that is going north is created by the winds and wavesRead MoreA Perfect Summer At The Beach949 Words   |  4 PagesA Perfect Summer at the Beach The sun peeked through my bedroom window; time to get up! The day was warm and gorgeous. It was the perfect weather to go to the beach. I woke up early and prepare our breakfast, so we can eat first before we leave. I can smell the eggs and bacon sizzling in a pan. The aroma of freshly brewed coffee makes my day complete. The pancake oozing with butter and maple syrup is ready to serve. I also prepare a fresh squeezed orange juice for the kids. When I was cooking everybodyRead More Description of The Beach Essay535 Words   |  3 Pagesare crashing. The sun is setting. People are laughing and embracing under the sunset. I feel the sand squish slowly through my toes as I gaily walk down the shoreline of the Outer Banks. My all time favorite place to be is the beach. The weather at the beach is the most quarreling of all places in the world. One minute you are relaxing lazily on the sandy seashore reading a most invigorating book. I sit engrossed and allow the foamy mist from the rampant ocean spray your face lightlyRead MoreEssay on Zuma Beach1395 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood playground, Zuma Beach. Without hesitation I laid my towel down upon the tiny grains and chips of rocks that the oceans might has turned into sand over the years. I took a moment to put my life on hold and gaze at what nature had to offer to me. I reflected upon all of the other places I could have been instead of standing with my toes curling in the warm sandy beach and smiled in appreciation of my situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was perfect weather out for a day at the beach. The clear sky didn’t haveRead MoreThe Golden Beach And Shelly Beach1822 Words   |  8 PagesGolden Beach, Kings Beach and Shelly Beach. 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The first thing that we did when we finally got there, was to check into the hotel and take our stuff to the room, which was on the first floor facing the beach. It had three rooms. One had the kitchenette, a couch, and a bed with a TV mounted on the wall acrossRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Beach1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthe house looked over the enclosed porch, over the sea wall, and onto the beach. Entranced by the lull of crashing waves, I would become memorized at the immensity of it all. I was never afraid of the ocean. As a child, my sister and I would long spend hours out on the beach in front of our house. We would build gigantic sand castles, collect seashells, and gleefully run into the water with all our clothes on. The the beach, and by extension, the ocean was always a safe haven for me. It providedRead MoreNewport Beach, By California Beach811 Words   |  4 PagesNewport Beach, is located on in Orange County, California along the coast. It was incorporated in 1906 and is one of the more affluent cities in Orange County. Encompassing Newport Beach is Corona Del Mar and Newport Coast. Newport Beach is most well known for its harbor, Balboa Island, Lido Island and the peninsula which is located between Newport Bay and the Pacific Ocean. Its elevation is from sea level to 1,164 feet, at the top of Signal Peak in the San Joaquin Hills. The city flower is the Bougainvillea

Enterprise Architecture Essay Paper Example For Students

Enterprise Architecture Essay Paper February 12, 2011 This article includes my thoughts about the business architecture, Cloud Computing, Business Process Management (BPML), and Business Rules. This article consists of a conversation between the CIO and Enterprise Architect. It is a product of my imagination. CIO: I dont want you to use the word consolidation. Instead, use the word integration. I am worried that someone will think that we are working on the consolidation of programs or organizations, rather than improving our architecture to serve the business. Again, I dont want you to get involved in discussions about hanging the organization structure of the agency. How do you see your roll vs.. The rolls of the other directors? Enterprise Architect: I would like to support them with the knowledge I have at my disposal, but they are not interested. One day they may realize how they can use the Enterprise Architecture. I think of Enterprise Architecture as the substructure, which supports the business, the superstructure. The Director of Capital Planning and Investment Control should use the Enterprise Architecture migration plan to formulate future investments. A portion of the Enterprise Architecture has security concerns, including all 4 layers: cuisines, applications, data, and technology. We develop standards for all layers of the Enterprise Architecture, except business standards; although, we may be asked to coordinate some business standards. Both communications and security should use the models contained in the Enterprise Architecture Framework or propose changes to the models in the framework. CIO: What do you want me to do? Enterprise Architect: Get the cooperation of your direct reports. CIO: You will get it. Go over the business architecture, current architecture, and target architectures again. Enterprise Architect: The comparison between the business and current architecture is the foundation for the data, applications, and technology target architectures. This comparison answers the question, Are we satisfying our business requirements in the current architecture? The business architecture or model includes the following: Defines the mission and objectives, long-range strategies, tactical plans, performance measures, budgets, and business rules. Why) Defines the information and data that is shared, monitored, and tracked. (What) Defines the activities that are performed and a description of each. How) Defines the organizations and actors performing the activities. (Who) Defines where the activities are performed. (Where) Defines the business cycles and when activities or processes are performed. (When) In the business architecture, we develop mappings between all 6 of the Coach man interrogatories, including who, what, when, where, why, and how. The business architecture is mapped to the current architecture, and then opportunities for improvement are documented. Targets are developed for data, applications, and the technology layers of the architecture using the business architecture and other analyses. The business architecture constitutes our requirements at the agency level. CIO: This is the first time I have heard about opportunities for improvement. Are you going to produce a report with recommendations as a result of the comparison between the business architecture and the current architecture? Enterprise Architect: Yes. Here is the way it works: Create the Business Architecture We produce a business architecture, which reflects the current way of doing business and contains all sorts of information and data associated with the 6 interrogatives in the Coachman Framework. We also develop mappings between the interrogatives. The business architecture describes the current business practices, including, data, processes, etc. Map the Business Architecture to the Current Architecture and Identify Opportunities for Improvement We propose a draft listing of the conceptual projects and associated common applications/components and data objects and progressively refine it. We produce a current architecture, which tells us about the existing systems. We map the business architecture to the current architecture and we may find out, for example, that there are a large number of current systems associated with a single activity or no systems associated with other activities. All current projects are mapped to the conceptual projects. Create the Data, Applications, and Technology Target Architectures based on the Business Architecture and Other Analyses We produce data, applications, and technology target architectures, which are partially based on the business architecture. Also, we use BPML, technology forecasts, judgments about the future uses and characteristics of information, opportunities to automate aspects of work, future business trends, new 2 goals/objectives and plans, etc. As the basis for coming up with the target architectures. Compare the Current Architecture with the Target Architectures and Produce a Gap Analysis and a Migration Plan The business architecture helps us to evaluate the present and to propose the future. We use the business architecture as a resource wherever we can; for example, it might contribute to BPML and business rules and visa versa. We are concentrating on an application architecture now, and we will issue several versions. As more analyses are completed, we will refine the applications architecture. We will move to data and technology layers soon. CIO: How do I know what you are going to include in each version? Enterprise Architect: There is no overall version plan. We probably should include BPML in the second version of the applications architecture. We previously developed a longer plan to implement Enterprise Architecture. CIO: I think that there should be a version plan. Also, soon is not an adequate answer. I am beginning to be irritated with the staggered development of the Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architect: We can come up with a version plan, and give you the long-term plan for the completion of the application, data, and technology target architectures. CIO: You are going to produce a report entitled: Opportunities for Improvement after you have completed the business architecture and have compared it with the current architecture. Maybe you should consider it a rolling stone and Just keep updating it. Essay on Online Dating Should Not Be A Source EssayFinally, there are a number of 5 key data models that contain very important processes. All of this can be used to kick start BPML. BPML takes considerable time and effort to create improved processes, particularly if you are going to select a preferred alternative from a comparison of similar processes. A process may be undertaken in many ways by the bureaus, using different combinations of activities, data, people, time limitations, goals, objectives, and business rules. CIO: Following up on a comment you previously made, I want the citizen to have more responsibility. I think you are the logical person to do BPML. Enterprise Architect: In addition to the 40 value streams and other scenarios, we developed data models which include processes. In the data model Customers place orders, place orders is the process. We have tons of data models of this sort. I am willing to identify business rules associated with these data models. However, I think we need to depend on our BPML community to do BPML. CIO: There is no BPML community. I am afraid that you are it. I count on you to explore ways to improve how we can further serve the business. Talk to me about business rules. What do business rules have to do with BPML? Enterprise Architect: Business rules are important because you can change the behavior of the organization by changing the business rules. Both business rules and BPML focus on processes. According to Ron Ross, A business rule sets limitations and controls on a process. I have prepared an enclosure that explains business rules. (See: Enclosure (2)). You will note that both BPML and Enterprise Architecture use similar language. Additionally, I did not identify the business rules as part of business architecture and I think this was a mistake. John Coachman classifies business rules in his framework at a lower level. However, I no longer agree with this. I believe that the data model, processes, and business rules are closely interconnected and are critical to defining the business architecture. CIO: Maybe John Coachman wanted us to first develop the data models and later add the business rules to them. Just give me a plan for the versions that includes the ideas we have discussed. Also, when the time comes, I am not going to stop any of the existing projects. The new project managers can sort this out. Finally, I have assembled some Youth videos on Enterprise Architecture, BPML, and business rules. (See: Enclosure (3)) What I would like you to do is take a look at them, and come up with your own videos. If you want to hire experts to do the video that is fine. Maybe we should start with Enterprise Architecture. Enterprise Architect: Okay. George Brigandage received a B. A. From Wright State University and M. A. From the University of Cincinnati. He retired in June 2004, from the federal government and 6 lives in Ocean View, Delaware, and Alexandria, Virginia. He was an Enterprise Architect at the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Homeland Security. Before that, he Emceed the Architectures Program for several years at the General Services Administration (AS) and the Department of the Treasury. He may e reached at cell 703. 772. 7410 and at George. [emailprotected] Com. His articles are on the web at http://enterprisearchitectureit. Info. 7 Enclosure (1) Business Process Management This table summarizes the key points from the following publications. The categories in this table are merely groupings of BPML actions that were mentioned in the publications: President Beams book, The Audacity of Hope, published in 2006. Customer Service Excellence, Using Information Technologies to Improve Service Delivery in Government, Harvard University, 1994. Citizen-Enabling Open Government (EEOC) Executive Summary for ideas. This report was produced by ACT-IAC Enterprise Architecture Shared Interest Group (SIGH), September 2010. ) Federal Government Business Process Reengineering: Lessons Learned, February 1994, published by AS. Categories Share information and effectively manage programs. Responsive to citizens needs. Treat all with dignity and What BPML Has Done or Might Do Share information and data. Increase integration and standardization to prevent fragmentation. Provide one face to the citizens. Develop data standards and business rules. Provide suites of commonly shared services. Use technology effectively . Develop a citizen service strategy that includes technology, human resources, skill development, and incentives. Provide timely response to the citizen. Develop performance measures, associated with ended-end processes and outcomes. Take ownership of the entire process. Describe the business or make it explicit. (See: Identify the needs of the citizens. Use multiple vehicles to communicate with the public, including: web sites, videos (The success of Youth, which provides some degree of video training, is astounding. ), and video teleconferencing. Use focus groups, surveys. Provide the public with access to the governments databases. Provide education and training, includin g long distance 8 respect. Provide the same level of service to all. Gather needed information. Clearly explain things. Develop effective and efficient processes and use technology creatively. Do things better, faster, and cheaper. Protect the public from harm. Give citizens their moneys worth. Education, so citizens can obtain the benefits they need and budget for innovative training. Develop standards and consistently apply business rules (Business rules must be transparent, consistent, ND explicit to enable effective regulation. ) Provide language services. Use alternative locations and organizations like libraries and kiosks to obtain information and distribute benefits.